Ibhetri ye-lithium-ion okanye ibhetri ye-Li-ion (efinyeziweyo njenge-LIB) luhlobo lwebhetri ehlaziywayo.Iibhetri zeLithium-ion ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa izinto zombane eziphathwayo kunye nezithuthi zombane kwaye ziyakhula ekudumeni kwezicelo zomkhosi kunye ne-aerospace.I-prototype yebhetri ye-Li-ion yaphuhliswa ngu-Akira Yoshino ngo-1985, ngokusekelwe kuphando lwangaphambili nguJohn Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, uRachid Yazami kunye noKoichi Mizushima ngexesha le-1970-1980s, kwaye ibhetri ye-Li-ion yorhwebo yaphuhliswa yi-a. Iqela le-Sony kunye ne-Asahi Kasei ekhokelwa nguYoshio Nishi kwi-1991. Kwi-2019, i-Nobel Prize kwi-Chemistry yanikezelwa ku-Yoshino, i-Goodenough, kunye ne-Whittingham "ukuphuhliswa kweebhetri ze-lithium ion".

Kwiibhetri, ii-ion ze-lithium zihamba ukusuka kwi-electrode engafanelekanga nge-electrolyte ukuya kwi-electrode efanelekileyo ngexesha lokukhutshwa, kwaye emva xa utshaja.Iibhetri ze-Li-ion zisebenzisa ikhompawundi ye-lithium edibeneyo njengezinto eziphathekayo kwi-electrode efanelekileyo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo igraphite kwi-electrode engalunganga.Iibhetri zinobuninzi bamandla amakhulu, akukho mphumo yememori (ngaphandle kweeseli ze-LFP) kunye nokukhupha okuphantsi.Nangona kunjalo zinokuba yingozi yokhuseleko njengoko ziqulethe i-electrolyte enokutsha, kwaye ukuba yonakele okanye ihlawuliswe ngokuchanekileyo kunokukhokelela ekuqhumeni kunye nomlilo.I-Samsung kwanyanzeleka ukuba ikhumbule ii-handsets ze-Galaxy Note 7 ezilandela imililo ye-lithium-ion, kwaye kubekho iziganeko ezininzi ezibandakanya iibhetri kwi-Boeing 787s.

Ikhemistri, ukusebenza, iindleko kunye neempawu zokhuseleko ziyahluka kwiintlobo ze-LIB.Izixhobo zombane eziphathwa ngesandla ikakhulu zisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium zepolymer (ezine-polymer gel njenge-electrolyte) ene-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) njengempahla ye-cathode, enika ubuninzi bamandla aphezulu, kodwa inika imingcipheko yokhuseleko, ngakumbi xa yonakele.I-Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), i-lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, okanye i-LMO), kunye ne-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 okanye i-NMC) zinika amandla aphantsi oxinano kodwa ubomi obude kunye nokuncinci komlilo okanye ukuqhuma.Iibhetri ezinjalo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zombane, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezinye iindima.I-NMC kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizithuthi zombane.

Iindawo zophando kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziquka ukwandisa ixesha lokuphila, ukwandisa ubuninzi bamandla, ukuphucula ukhuseleko, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokunyusa isantya sokutshaja, phakathi kwabanye.Uphando luye lwaqhubeka kwindawo yee-electrolyte ezingenakutsha njengendlela yokwandisa ukhuseleko ngokusekelwe ekutshakeni kunye nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezinyibilikayo ezisetyenziswa kwi-electrolyte eqhelekileyo.Amaqhinga abandakanya iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezinamanzi, i-electrolyte eqinile ye-ceramic, i-polymer electrolytes, i-ionic liquids, kunye neenkqubo ezixutywe kakhulu.

Ibhetri ngokuchasene neseli

Iseli yiyunithi esisiseko ye-electrochemical equlethe i-electrodes, isahluli kunye ne-electrolyte.

Ibhetri okanye ipakethe yebhetri yingqokelela yeeseli okanye iindibano zeeseli, ezinezindlu, uqhagamshelo lombane, kwaye mhlawumbi nezixhobo zombane zokulawula nokukhusela.

I-Anode kunye ne-cathode electrodes
Kwiiseli ezihlaziywayo, igama elithi anode (okanye i-electrode negative) lichaza i-electrode apho i-oxidation iyenzeka ngexesha lokujikeleza;enye i-electrode yi-cathode (okanye i-electrode efanelekileyo).Ngexesha lomjikelo wentlawulo, i-electrode entle iba yi-anode kwaye i-electrode engalunganga iba yi-cathode.Kwiiseli ezininzi ze-lithium-ion, i-lithium-oxide electrode i-electrode efanelekileyo;kwiiseli ze-titanate ze-lithium-ion (LTO), i-lithium-oxide electrode yi-electrode engalunganga.

Imbali

Imvelaphi

Varta lithium-ion ibhetri, Museum Autovision, Altlussheim, eJamani
Iibhetri zeLithium zacetywa ngusokhemisti waseBrithani kunye nommkeli we-2019 yeNobel ye-chemistry M. Stanley Whittingham, ngoku kwiYunivesithi yaseBinghamton, ngelixa esebenzela i-Exxon kwi-1970s.UWhittingham wasebenzisa i-titanium (IV) sulfide kunye nentsimbi ye-lithium njengee-electrode.Nangona kunjalo, le bhetri ye-lithium etshajwayo ayinakuze yenziwe isebenze.I-Titanium disulfide yayilukhetho olubi, njengoko kufuneka zidityaniswe phantsi kweemeko ezivaliweyo ngokupheleleyo, ikwaxabisa kakhulu (~$1,000 ngekhilogram ye-titanium disulfide imathiriyeli ekrwada ngo-1970s).Xa ibekwe emoyeni, i-titanium disulfide isabela yenze imixube yehydrogen sulfide, enevumba elibi kwaye iyityhefu kwizilwanyana ezininzi.Ngenxa yoku, kunye nezinye izizathu, u-Exxon wayeka uphuhliso lwebhetri ye-lithium-titanium disulfide kaWhittingham. [28]Iibhetri ezine-metallic lithium electrode zibonise imiba yokhuseleko, njengoko isinyithi se-lithium sisabela emanzini, sikhupha igesi ye-hydrogen enokutsha.Ngenxa yoko, uphando luye lwaqhubela phambili ekuphuhliseni iibhetri apho, endaweni ye-lithium yentsimbi, kukho iikhompawundi ze-lithium kuphela, ezikwaziyo ukwamkela kunye nokukhulula i-lithium ion.

Ulungelelwaniso olubuyiselwe umva kwigraphite kunye nokudityaniswa kwi-cathodic oxides yafunyanwa ngo-1974-76 ngu-JO Besenhard eTU Munich.Besenhard icebise ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiiseli ze-lithium.Ukubola kwe-Electrolyte kunye ne-solvent co-intercalation kwigraphite ibe yimiqobo enzima kwangethuba kubomi bebhetri.

Uphuhliso

Ngo-1973 - uAdam Heller ucebise ibhetri ye-lithium thionyl chloride, esasetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango ezifakelwe kunye nakwiinkqubo zokukhusela apho kufuneka khona i-shelf yeminyaka engama-20, ubuninzi bamandla, kunye / okanye ukunyamezela ukushisa okugqithisileyo okusebenzayo.
Ngo-1977-uSamar Basu ubonise i-electrochemical intercalation ye-lithium kwigraphite kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania.Oku kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwe-lithium esebenzayo edibeneyo ye-graphite electrode kwi-Bell Labs (LiC6) ukubonelela ngenye indlela ibhetri ye-lithium yensimbi ye-electrode.
1979 - Ukusebenza ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo, uNed A. Godshall et al., kwaye, kungekudala emva koko, uJohn B. Goodenough (iYunivesithi yaseOxford) kunye neKoichi Mizushima (iYunivesithi yaseTokyo), babonise iseli ye-lithium ekwazi ukutshajwa kwakhona kunye nombane kuluhlu lwe-4 V usebenzisa i-lithium. i-cobalt dioxide (i-LiCoO2) njenge-electrode efanelekileyo kunye nesinyithi se-lithium njenge-electrode engalunganga.Olu lutsha lubonelele ngezinto ezintle ze-electrode ezenza ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium zorhwebo zakuqala.I-LiCoO2 yinto ezinzileyo ye-electrode esebenza njengomnikeli we-lithium ion, oku kuthetha ukuba ingasetyenziswa kunye ne-electrode engalunganga ngaphandle kwesinyithi se-lithium.Ngokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-electrode ezizinzileyo nezilula ukuzibamba, i-LiCoO2 yenza inoveli iisistim zebhetri ezinokuphinda zitshajwe.UThixo et al.ngakumbi ichonge ixabiso elifanayo le-ternary compound lithium-transition metal-oxides ezifana ne-spinel LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiMnO2, LiFeO2, LiFe5O8, kunye ne-LiFe5O4 (kwaye kamva i-lithium-copper-oxide kunye ne-lithium-nickel-oxide cathode materials ngo-1985)
Ngo-1980 - uRachid Yazami ubonise ukuguqulwa kwe-electrochemical intercalation ye-lithium kwigraphite, kwaye waqulunqa i-lithium graphite electrode (anode).I-electrolyte ephilayo ekhoyo ngelo xesha iya kubola ngexesha lokutshaja ngegraphite negative electrode.I-Yazami isebenzise i-electrolyte eqinileyo ukubonisa ukuba i-lithium inokuguqulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwigraphite ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-electrochemical.Ukususela ngo-2011, i-electrode ye-graphite ye-Yazami yayiyeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion zorhwebo.
I-electrode engalunganga inemvelaphi yayo kwi-PAS (i-polyacenic semiconductive material) efunyenwe nguTokio Yamabe kwaye kamva ngu-Shjzukuni Yata ekuqaleni kwe-1980.Imbewu yale teknoloji yayikufunyanwa kweepolymers eziqhubayo nguNjingalwazi uHideki Shirakawa kunye neqela lakhe, kwaye inokubonwa njengokuba iqalile kwi-polyacetylene lithium ion ibhetri eyenziwe ngu-Alan MacDiarmid kunye no-Alan J. Heeger et al.
Ngo-1982-uGodshall et al.banikwa iPatent yase-US 4,340,652 yokusetyenziswa kwe-LiCoO2 njenge-cathodes kwiibhetri ze-lithium, ngokusekelwe kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford yaseYunivesithi yaseGodshall Ph.D.dissertation kunye nopapasho luka-1979.
Ngo-1983 - uMichael M. Thackeray, uPeter Bruce, uWilliam David, kunye noJohn Goodenough bavelisa i-manganese spinel njengento efanelekileyo yorhwebo ehlawuliswayo ye-cathode yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion.
Ngo-1985 - u-Akira Yoshino wahlanganisa i-cell prototype esebenzisa izinto ze-carbonaceous apho i-lithium ion inokufakwa njenge-electrode enye, kunye ne-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) njengenye.Oku kuluphucule kakhulu ukhuseleko.I-LiCoO2 yenza imveliso yomgangatho woshishino kwaye yenza ibhetri ye-lithium-ion yorhwebo.
Ngo-1989 - uArumugam Manthiram kunye noJohn B. Goodenough bafumanisa iklasi ye-polyanion ye-cathodes.Baye babonisa ukuba i-electrodes eyakhayo equlethe i-polyanion, umzekelo, i-sulfates, ivelisa i-voltages ephezulu kune-oxides ngenxa yempembelelo ye-inductive ye-polyanion.Le klasi ye-polyanion iqulethe izinto ezifana ne-lithium iron phosphate.

< iya kuqhubeka…>